Getirileri hesaplama

Finansal riski yönetebilmek için önce getiriler serisini analiz ederek riski ölçmemiz gerekir. Burada sana S&P 500 fiyat serisi veriliyor ve günlük getirileri çizdirmen isteniyor. Büyük (pozitif veya negatif) getirilerin, çoğu zaman yine büyük getirilerle; küçük getirilerin de küçük getirilerle takip edildiğini göreceksin. Uzun süre düşük veya yüksek oynaklığın sürdüğü bu dönemlere oynaklık kümeleri (volatility clusters) denir.

Bu kurs boyunca istediğin anda:

veri kümelerini Konsol'da keşfetmekten çekinme
videolarda anlatılan fonksiyon ve adımlara bakman gerekirse Slaytlar'a başvurmaktan çekinme

Bu kurs xts bilgisi gerektirir. Hafızanı tazelemek için R'de xts Hızlı Başvuru'ya göz atabilirsin.

Bu egzersiz

R'de GARCH Modelleri

kursunun bir parçasıdır

Kursu Görüntüle

Egzersiz talimatları

xts nesnesi sp500prices içindeki günlük hisse fiyatlarını çiz.
PerformanceAnalytics paketindeki CalculateReturns fonksiyonunu kullanarak ilgili getirileri hesapla ve sp500ret nesnesine kaydet.
sp500ret nesnesinin sınıfının xts olduğunu doğrula.
Günlük S&P 500 getirilerini çiz ve zaman içinde getiri değişkenliğindeki değişimleri not et.

Uygulamalı interaktif egzersiz

Bu örnek kodu tamamlayarak bu egzersizi bitirin.

library(xts)
library(PerformanceAnalytics)

# Plot daily S&P 500 prices
___(___)

# Compute daily returns
sp500ret <- ___(___)

# Check the class of sp500ret
___(___)

# Plot daily returns
___(___)

Kodu Düzenle ve Çalıştır

Bu egzersiz

R'de GARCH Modelleri

kursunun bir parçasıdır

AvançadoNível de habilidade

4.8+

Kursa Ücretsiz Başlayın

We start off by making our hands dirty. A rolling window analysis of daily stock returns shows that its standard deviation changes massively through time. Looking back at the past, we thus have clear evidence of time-varying volatility. Looking forward, we need to estimate the volatility of future returns. This is essentially what a GARCH model does! In this chapter, you will learn the basics of using the rugarch package for specifying and estimating the workhorse GARCH(1,1) model in R. We end by showing its usefulness in tactical asset allocation.

Exercise 1: Volatiliteyi analiz etme Exercise 2: Getirileri hesaplama

Geçerli Egzersiz

Exercise 3: Alt örneklemlerde standart sapma Exercise 4: Dön, dön, dön Exercise 5: Volatilite tahmini için GARCH denklemi Exercise 6: Tek seferlik şoklara GARCH(1,1) tepkisi Exercise 7: Tahmin hataları Exercise 8: GARCH varyansının özyinelemeli yapısı Exercise 9: rugarch paketi Exercise 10: GARCH modelinin farklı tatlarını belirle ve dene Exercise 11: Örneklem dışı tahminleme Exercise 12: Taktik varlık tahsisinde volatilite hedefleme

Markets take the stairs up and the elevator down. This Wallstreet wisdom has important consequences for specifying a realistic volatility model. It requires to give up the assumption of normality, as well as the symmetric response of volatility to shocks. In this chapter, you will learn about GARCH models with a leverage effect and skewed student t innovations. At the end, you will be able to use GARCH models for estimating over ten thousand different GARCH model specifications.

Exercise 1: Non-normality of standardized returns Exercise 2: Skewed student t distribution parameters Exercise 3: Estimation of non-normal GARCH model Exercise 4: Standardized returns Exercise 5: Leverage effect Exercise 6: News impact curve Exercise 7: Estimation of GJR garch model Exercise 8: Mean model Exercise 9: Predicting returns Exercise 10: The AR(1)-GJR GARCH dynamics of MSFT returns Exercise 11: Effect of mean model on volatility predictions Exercise 12: Avoid unnecessary complexity Exercise 13: Modeling choices Exercise 14: Fixing GARCH parameters Exercise 15: Parameter bounds and impact on forecasts Exercise 16: Variance targeting

GARCH models yield volatility forecasts which serve as input for financial decision making. Their use in practice requires to first evaluate the goodness of the volatility forecast. In this chapter, you will learn about the analysis of statistical significance of the estimated GARCH parameters, the properties of standardized returns, the interpretation of information criteria and the use of rolling GARCH estimation and mean squared prediction errors to analyze the accuracy of the volatility forecast.

Exercise 1: Statistical significance Exercise 2: Significance testing Exercise 3: Analyzing estimation output Exercise 4: A better model for EUR/USD returns Exercise 5: Goodness of fit Exercise 6: Parsimony Exercise 7: Mean squared prediction errors Exercise 8: Comparing likelihood and information criteria Exercise 9: Diagnosing absolute standardized returns Exercise 10: Validation of GARCH model assumptions Exercise 11: Correlogram and Ljung-Box test Exercise 12: Change estimation sample Exercise 13: Backtesting using ugarchroll Exercise 14: ugarchroll arguments Exercise 15: In-sample versus rolling sample vol Exercise 16: Horse race

At this stage, you master the standard specification, estimation and validation of GARCH models in the rugarch package. This chapter introduces specific rugarch functionality for making value-at-risk estimates, for using the GARCH model in production and for simulating GARCH returns. You will also discover that the presence of GARCH dynamics in the variance has implications for simulating log-returns, the estimation of the beta of a stock and finding the minimum variance portfolio.

Exercise 1: Value-at-risk Exercise 2: VaR plot Exercise 3: Comovement between predicted vol and VaR Exercise 4: Sensitivity of coverage to distribution model Exercise 5: For production and simulation Exercise 6: Actual versus simulated returns Exercise 7: Use in production Exercise 8: Use in simulation Exercise 9: Model risk Exercise 10: Robustniks Exercise 11: Starting values Exercise 12: GARCH covariance Exercise 13: Estimation of beta Exercise 14: Minimum variance portfolio weights Exercise 15: GARCH & Co Exercise 16: Congratulations