Varyans hedefleme

Finansal getirilerin oynaklığı zaman içinde kümelenir: ortalamanın üzerindeki oynaklık dönemlerini ortalamanın altındaki oynaklık dönemleri izler. Uzun vadeli öngörü şudur:

oynaklık yüksek olduğunda düşer ve uzun dönem ortalamasına geri döner.
oynaklık düşük olduğunda artar ve uzun dönem ortalamasına geri döner.

GARCH modellerinin tahmininde, oynaklığın bu ortalamaya dönüş davranışını varyans hedefleme yoluyla kullanabiliriz. Böylece, GARCH parametrelerini, GARCH modelinin ima ettiği uzun dönem oynaklığın örneklem standart sapmasına eşit olacak şekilde tahmin ederiz.

Bunu EUR/USD getirileri için yapalım.

Bu egzersiz

R'de GARCH Modelleri

kursunun bir parçasıdır

Kursu Görüntüle

Egzersiz talimatları

GARCH belirtimini varyans hedefleme kullanılacak şekilde değiştir.
GARCH modelini tahmin et.
GARCH'in ima ettiği uzun dönem standart sapmayı hesaplamak için uncvariance() kullan.
Yuvarladıktan sonra bu sayının örneklem standart sapmasına eşit olduğunu doğrula.

Uygulamalı interaktif egzersiz

Bu örnek kodu tamamlayarak bu egzersizi bitirin.

# Complete the specification to do variance targeting
garchspec <- ugarchspec(mean.model = list(armaOrder = c(0,0)),
                        variance.model = list(model = "sGARCH",
                                             ___ = ___),
                        distribution.model = "std")

# Estimate the model
garchfit <- ___(data = EURUSDret, spec = garchspec)

# Print the GARCH model implied long run volatility
sqrt(___(___))

# Verify that it equals the standard deviation (after rounding)
all.equal(sqrt(uncvariance(garchfit)), ___(EURUSDret), tol = 1e-4)

Kodu Düzenle ve Çalıştır

Bu egzersiz

R'de GARCH Modelleri

kursunun bir parçasıdır

AvançadoNível de habilidade

4.8+

Kursa Ücretsiz Başlayın

We start off by making our hands dirty. A rolling window analysis of daily stock returns shows that its standard deviation changes massively through time. Looking back at the past, we thus have clear evidence of time-varying volatility. Looking forward, we need to estimate the volatility of future returns. This is essentially what a GARCH model does! In this chapter, you will learn the basics of using the rugarch package for specifying and estimating the workhorse GARCH(1,1) model in R. We end by showing its usefulness in tactical asset allocation.

Exercise 1: Analyzing volatility Exercise 2: Computing returns Exercise 3: Standard deviation on subsamples Exercise 4: Roll, roll, roll Exercise 5: The GARCH equation for volatility prediction Exercise 6: GARCH(1,1) reaction to one-off shocks Exercise 7: Prediction errors Exercise 8: The recursive nature of the GARCH variance Exercise 9: The rugarch package Exercise 10: Specify and taste the GARCH model flavors Exercise 11: Out-of-sample forecasting Exercise 12: Volatility targeting in tactical asset allocation

Markets take the stairs up and the elevator down. This Wallstreet wisdom has important consequences for specifying a realistic volatility model. It requires to give up the assumption of normality, as well as the symmetric response of volatility to shocks. In this chapter, you will learn about GARCH models with a leverage effect and skewed student t innovations. At the end, you will be able to use GARCH models for estimating over ten thousand different GARCH model specifications.

Exercise 1: Standartlaştırılmış getirilerin normal olmaması Exercise 2: Çarpık student t dağılımı parametreleri Exercise 3: Normal olmayan GARCH modelinin tahmini Exercise 4: Standardize edilmiş getiriler Exercise 5: Kaldıraç etkisi Exercise 6: Haber etkisi eğrisi Exercise 7: GJR GARCH modelinin tahmini Exercise 8: Ortalama modeli Exercise 9: Getirileri tahmin etmek Exercise 10: MSFT getirilerinin AR(1)-GJR GARCH dinamikleri Exercise 11: Ortalama modelinin volatilite tahminlerine etkisi Exercise 12: Gereksiz karmaşıklıktan kaçın Exercise 13: Modelleme tercihleri Exercise 14: GARCH parametrelerini sabitleme Exercise 15: Parametre sınırları ve tahminlere etkisi Exercise 16: Varyans hedefleme

Geçerli Egzersiz

GARCH models yield volatility forecasts which serve as input for financial decision making. Their use in practice requires to first evaluate the goodness of the volatility forecast. In this chapter, you will learn about the analysis of statistical significance of the estimated GARCH parameters, the properties of standardized returns, the interpretation of information criteria and the use of rolling GARCH estimation and mean squared prediction errors to analyze the accuracy of the volatility forecast.

Exercise 1: Statistical significance Exercise 2: Significance testing Exercise 3: Analyzing estimation output Exercise 4: A better model for EUR/USD returns Exercise 5: Goodness of fit Exercise 6: Parsimony Exercise 7: Mean squared prediction errors Exercise 8: Comparing likelihood and information criteria Exercise 9: Diagnosing absolute standardized returns Exercise 10: Validation of GARCH model assumptions Exercise 11: Correlogram and Ljung-Box test Exercise 12: Change estimation sample Exercise 13: Backtesting using ugarchroll Exercise 14: ugarchroll arguments Exercise 15: In-sample versus rolling sample vol Exercise 16: Horse race

At this stage, you master the standard specification, estimation and validation of GARCH models in the rugarch package. This chapter introduces specific rugarch functionality for making value-at-risk estimates, for using the GARCH model in production and for simulating GARCH returns. You will also discover that the presence of GARCH dynamics in the variance has implications for simulating log-returns, the estimation of the beta of a stock and finding the minimum variance portfolio.

Exercise 1: Value-at-risk Exercise 2: VaR plot Exercise 3: Comovement between predicted vol and VaR Exercise 4: Sensitivity of coverage to distribution model Exercise 5: For production and simulation Exercise 6: Actual versus simulated returns Exercise 7: Use in production Exercise 8: Use in simulation Exercise 9: Model risk Exercise 10: Robustniks Exercise 11: Starting values Exercise 12: GARCH covariance Exercise 13: Estimation of beta Exercise 14: Minimum variance portfolio weights Exercise 15: GARCH & Co Exercise 16: Congratulations