दो आयामों में Multidimensional scaling

# Calculate distance 
state.dist <- dist(___)

# Perform multidimensional scaling 
mds.state <- cmdscale(___) 

# Change mds.state to a data frame for use in ggplot
mds.state_df <- data.frame(mds.state)

# Plot the representation of the data in two dimensions 
ggplot(data = ___, aes(x = X1, y = X2, label = rownames(mds.state), color = ____)) + 
    geom_text(alpha = 0.8, size = 3)