Analyseer omzettrends - staafdiagram

Een van de eenvoudigste, maar vaak vergeten manieren om de data te controleren is visuele inspectie. In deze oefening maak je een staafdiagram van de omzetprojecties. De data staat nu in twee vectoren: hist_rev (historische data) en rev_proj (geprojecteerde data). Dat doen we zodat we het staafdiagram kunnen opmaken en het verschil tussen werkelijke en verwachte omzetten duidelijk is.

Deze oefening maakt deel uit van de cursus

Aandelenwaardering in R

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Oefeninstructies

Gebruik rbind() om de vectoren hist_rev en rev_proj te combineren en wijs dit toe aan rev_split.
Hernoem de kolomnamen van rev_split van 2009 tot en met 2021.
Maak een staafdiagram van de data in rev_split, kleur de staven rood en blauw, en voeg de titel "Historical vs. Projected Revenues" toe.

Praktische interactieve oefening

Probeer deze oefening eens door deze voorbeeldcode in te vullen.

# Combine hist_rev and rev_proj
rev_split <- ___(hist_rev, rev_proj)

# Rename the column headers
___(rev_split) <- seq(2009, 2021, 1)

# Create a bar plot of the data
barplot(rev_split,
        col = c("___", "___"),
        main = "___")
legend("topleft",
       legend = c("Historical", "Projected"),
       fill = c("red", "blue"))

Code bewerken en uitvoeren

Deze oefening maakt deel uit van de cursus

Aandelenwaardering in R

SkillTag.level.intermediateSkillTag.label

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Begin de cursus gratis

Many individuals and institutions invest in equities. To do so effectively, the investor must have a solid understanding of how the value of the equity compares to the stock price. In this course, we focus on fundamental concepts of equity valuation. We begin with a discussion of time value of money and then move on to the first of two discounted cash flow methods we will discuss - the free cash flow to equity valuation model.

Exercise 1: Course Intro and Fundamental Valuation Exercise 2: Time Value of Money Exercise 3: Difference Between Valuing Enterprise and Equity Cash Flows Exercise 4: The Free Cash Flow to Equity Model Exercise 5: Calculating Operating Profit Exercise 6: Calculate Free Cash Flow to Equity Exercise 7: Calculating Terminal Value Exercise 8: Calculating Equity Value Exercise 9: Calculating Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity Exercise 10: Calculate Present Value of Terminal Value Exercise 11: Calculate Equity Value

One of the critical components of free cash flow to equity valuation is using reliable projections. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss ways to analyze the projections to help us identify the right questions to ask. In the second part of this chapter, we will go through the second of our discounted cash flow models - the dividend discount model. In this approach, we discount expected dividends instead of free cash flows.

Exercise 1: De prognoses analyseren Exercise 2: Analyseer omzettrends - staafdiagram

Huidige oefening

Exercise 3: Analyseer omzettrends - Regressie Exercise 4: Groeipercentage in perpetuïteit Exercise 5: Retentieratio berekenen Exercise 6: Berekening van de perpetuele groeivoet Exercise 7: Dividendendiscontomodel Exercise 8: Preferente aandelen waarderen Exercise 9: Waardering met aanname: geen dividenden in de eerste jaren Exercise 10: Waardering met 2-fasen-dividenden

To be able to discount cash flows, we need a discount rate. For the free cash flow to equity and dividend discount model, the cost of equity is the appropriate discount rate. In this chapter, we will discuss how each of the components of the cost of equity are calculated.

Exercise 1: What is a discount rate?Exercise 2: Risk and Return Exercise 3: Calculating Returns Exercise 4: Estimating Beta Exercise 5: Unlevering Betas Exercise 6: Hamada vs. Fernandez Formula Exercise 7: Beta Unlevering Exercise Exercise 8: Beta Relevering Exercise Exercise 9: Risk-Free Rate and Equity Risk Premium Exercise 10: Obtain Risk-Free Rate Data Exercise 11: Calculate Historical Equity Risk Premium Exercise 12: Calculate the Cost of Equity

Relative valuation allows us to use the valuation of comparable companies to infer the value of our subject firm. In this chapter, we discuss how to identify comparable companies and how to calculate valuation multiples. We also show how to analyze the determinants of multiples.

Exercise 1: Relative Valuation Exercise 2: Identifying Comparable Firms Exercise 3: Valuation Multiples Exercise 4: Calculating Valuation Multiples Exercise 5: Calculating the Relevant Multiple Exercise 6: Implied Price Exercise 7: Analyzing Determinants of Multiples Exercise 8: Calculate ROE and P/B Exercise 9: Plot P/B vs. ROE Exercise 10: Strength of Relationship Exercise 11: Implied Price Using Regression Exercise 12: Difference in Implied Values

This chapter combines the lessons from Chapters 1 to 4 in a series of exercises. You will be asked to inspect the data and to value the firm using discounted cash flow and relative valuation approaches. At the end, you will combine the results in a summary table.

Exercise 1: Fundamental Valuation: Analyzing Projections Exercise 2: Visually Inspecting the Data Exercise 3: Using Regression to Test the Projections Exercise 4: Fundamental Valuation: Implementation Exercise 5: Cost of Equity Exercise 6: Calculate Value During Projection Period Exercise 7: Calculate the Terminal Value Exercise 8: Equity Value Per Free Cash Flow to Equity Model Exercise 9: Equity Value per Dividend Discount Model Exercise 10: Relative Valuation Exercise 11: Equity Value Per Price-to-Earnings Multiples Exercise 12: Combine valuation into a summary table Exercise 13: Congratulations!