Calcolare il Multiplo Rilevante

Se le aziende selezionate sono ragionevolmente comparabili alla società oggetto di analisi, allora usare il multiplo medio (o mediano) può essere una stima sensata del multiplo di valutazione da applicare alla società stessa. I multipli P/E e P/B per ciascuna delle aziende comparabili sono memorizzati nell’oggetto pharma. In questo esercizio, calcola la media di ciascuna di queste metriche.

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Valutazione azionaria in R

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Istruzioni dell'esercizio

Stampa il contenuto dell’oggetto dati pharma.
Calcola la media di tutte le metriche in pharma (cioè le colonne dalla 2 alla 4) usando il comando colMeans().

Esercizio pratico interattivo

Prova a risolvere questo esercizio completando il codice di esempio.

# Show contents of pharma
___

# Calculate average multiples
multiples <- colMeans(___, na.rm = TRUE)
multiples

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Questo esercizio fa parte del corso

Valutazione azionaria in R

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Many individuals and institutions invest in equities. To do so effectively, the investor must have a solid understanding of how the value of the equity compares to the stock price. In this course, we focus on fundamental concepts of equity valuation. We begin with a discussion of time value of money and then move on to the first of two discounted cash flow methods we will discuss - the free cash flow to equity valuation model.

Exercise 1: Course Intro and Fundamental Valuation Exercise 2: Time Value of Money Exercise 3: Difference Between Valuing Enterprise and Equity Cash Flows Exercise 4: The Free Cash Flow to Equity Model Exercise 5: Calculating Operating Profit Exercise 6: Calculate Free Cash Flow to Equity Exercise 7: Calculating Terminal Value Exercise 8: Calculating Equity Value Exercise 9: Calculating Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity Exercise 10: Calculate Present Value of Terminal Value Exercise 11: Calculate Equity Value

One of the critical components of free cash flow to equity valuation is using reliable projections. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss ways to analyze the projections to help us identify the right questions to ask. In the second part of this chapter, we will go through the second of our discounted cash flow models - the dividend discount model. In this approach, we discount expected dividends instead of free cash flows.

Exercise 1: Analyzing the Projections Exercise 2: Analyze Revenue Trends - Bar Chart Exercise 3: Analyze Revenue Trends - Regression Exercise 4: Perpetuity Growth Rate Exercise 5: Calculate Retention Ratio Exercise 6: Perpetuity Growth Rate Calculation Exercise 7: Dividend Discount Model Exercise 8: Valuing Preferred Stock Exercise 9: Valuation Assuming No Dividends For First Few Years Exercise 10: Valuation Assuming 2-Stages of Dividends

To be able to discount cash flows, we need a discount rate. For the free cash flow to equity and dividend discount model, the cost of equity is the appropriate discount rate. In this chapter, we will discuss how each of the components of the cost of equity are calculated.

Exercise 1: What is a discount rate?Exercise 2: Risk and Return Exercise 3: Calculating Returns Exercise 4: Estimating Beta Exercise 5: Unlevering Betas Exercise 6: Hamada vs. Fernandez Formula Exercise 7: Beta Unlevering Exercise Exercise 8: Beta Relevering Exercise Exercise 9: Risk-Free Rate and Equity Risk Premium Exercise 10: Obtain Risk-Free Rate Data Exercise 11: Calculate Historical Equity Risk Premium Exercise 12: Calculate the Cost of Equity

Relative valuation allows us to use the valuation of comparable companies to infer the value of our subject firm. In this chapter, we discuss how to identify comparable companies and how to calculate valuation multiples. We also show how to analyze the determinants of multiples.

Exercise 1: Valutazione relativa Exercise 2: Identificare aziende comparabili Exercise 3: Multipli di valutazione Exercise 4: Calcolo dei multipli di valutazione Exercise 5: Calcolare il Multiplo Rilevante

Esercizio in corso

Exercise 6: Prezzo implicito Exercise 7: Analizzare i determinanti dei multipli Exercise 8: Calcola ROE e P/B Exercise 9: Grafico P/B vs. ROE Exercise 10: Forza della relazione Exercise 11: Prezzo implicito usando la regressione Exercise 12: Differenza nei valori impliciti

This chapter combines the lessons from Chapters 1 to 4 in a series of exercises. You will be asked to inspect the data and to value the firm using discounted cash flow and relative valuation approaches. At the end, you will combine the results in a summary table.

Exercise 1: Fundamental Valuation: Analyzing Projections Exercise 2: Visually Inspecting the Data Exercise 3: Using Regression to Test the Projections Exercise 4: Fundamental Valuation: Implementation Exercise 5: Cost of Equity Exercise 6: Calculate Value During Projection Period Exercise 7: Calculate the Terminal Value Exercise 8: Equity Value Per Free Cash Flow to Equity Model Exercise 9: Equity Value per Dividend Discount Model Exercise 10: Relative Valuation Exercise 11: Equity Value Per Price-to-Earnings Multiples Exercise 12: Combine valuation into a summary table Exercise 13: Congratulations!