Errore quadratico medio

Torniamo alle previsioni NBA del 2017. Ogni anno ci sono almeno un paio di squadre NBA che vincono molto più del previsto. Se usi la MAE, questa metrica di accuratezza non riflette gli errori gravi quanto la MSE. Elevare al quadrato gli errori grandi dovuti a cattive previsioni farà sembrare l’accuratezza peggiore.

In questo esempio, i dirigenti NBA vogliono prevedere meglio le vittorie delle squadre. Userai l’errore quadratico medio per calcolare l’errore di previsione. Le vittorie reali sono caricate in y_test e le previsioni in predictions.

Questo esercizio fa parte del corso

Validazione dei modelli in Python

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Istruzioni dell'esercizio

Calcola manualmente la MSE. $$ MSE = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_i - \hat{y}_i ) ^2 }{n} $$
Calcola la MSE usando sklearn.

Esercizio pratico interattivo

Prova a risolvere questo esercizio completando il codice di esempio.

from sklearn.metrics import ____

n = ___(predictions)
# Finish the manual calculation of the MSE
mse_one = sum((y_test - predictions)____) / n
print('With a manual calculation, the error is {}'.format(mse_one))

# Use the scikit-learn function to calculate MSE
mse_two = ____
print('Using scikit-learn, the error is {}'.format(mse_two))

Modifica ed esegui il codice

Questo esercizio fa parte del corso

Validazione dei modelli in Python

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Before we can validate models, we need an understanding of how to create and work with them. This chapter provides an introduction to running regression and classification models in scikit-learn. We will use this model building foundation throughout the remaining chapters.

Exercise 1: Introduction to model validation Exercise 2: Modeling steps Exercise 3: Seen vs. unseen data Exercise 4: Regression models Exercise 5: Set parameters and fit a model Exercise 6: Feature importances Exercise 7: Classification models Exercise 8: Classification predictions Exercise 9: Reusing model parameters Exercise 10: Random forest classifier

This chapter focuses on the basics of model validation. From splitting data into training, validation, and testing datasets, to creating an understanding of the bias-variance tradeoff, we build the foundation for the techniques of K-Fold and Leave-One-Out validation practiced in chapter three.

Exercise 1: Creare insiemi di dati di training, test e validation Exercise 2: Crea un set di holdout Exercise 3: Crea due holdout set Exercise 4: Perché usare gli insiemi di holdout Exercise 5: Metriche di accuratezza: modelli di regressione Exercise 6: Errore assoluto medio Exercise 7: Errore quadratico medio

Esercizio in corso

Exercise 8: Prestazioni su sottoinsiemi di dati Exercise 9: Metriche di classificazione Exercise 10: Matrici di confusione Exercise 11: Ancora sulle confusion matrix Exercise 12: Precision vs. recall Exercise 13: Il compromesso bias-varianza Exercise 14: Errore dovuto a under/overfitting Exercise 15: Sto underfittando?

Holdout sets are a great start to model validation. However, using a single train and test set if often not enough. Cross-validation is considered the gold standard when it comes to validating model performance and is almost always used when tuning model hyper-parameters. This chapter focuses on performing cross-validation to validate model performance.

Exercise 1: The problems with holdout sets Exercise 2: Two samples Exercise 3: Potential problems Exercise 4: Cross-validation Exercise 5: scikit-learn's KFold()Exercise 6: Using KFold indices Exercise 7: sklearn's cross_val_score()Exercise 8: scikit-learn's methods Exercise 9: Implement cross_val_score()Exercise 10: Leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV)Exercise 11: When to use LOOCV Exercise 12: Leave-one-out-cross-validation

The first three chapters focused on model validation techniques. In chapter 4 we apply these techniques, specifically cross-validation, while learning about hyperparameter tuning. After all, model validation makes tuning possible and helps us select the overall best model.

Exercise 1: Introduction to hyperparameter tuning Exercise 2: Creating Hyperparameters Exercise 3: Running a model using ranges Exercise 4: RandomizedSearchCV Exercise 5: Preparing for RandomizedSearch Exercise 6: Implementing RandomizedSearchCV Exercise 7: Selecting your final model Exercise 8: Best classification accuracy Exercise 9: Selecting the best precision model Exercise 10: Course completed!