Classification predictions

In model validation, it is often important to know more about the predictions than just the final classification. When predicting who will win a game, most people are also interested in how likely it is a team will win.

Probability	Prediction	Meaning
0 < .50	0	Team Loses
.50 +	1	Team Wins

In this exercise, you look at the methods, .predict() and .predict_proba() using the tic_tac_toe dataset. The first method will give a prediction of whether Player One will win the game, and the second method will provide the probability of Player One winning. Use rfc as the random forest classification model.

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Model Validation in Python

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Istruzioni dell'esercizio

Create two arrays of predictions. One for the classification values and one for the predicted probabilities.
Use the .value_counts() method for a pandas Series to print the number of observations that were assigned to each class.
Print the first observation of probability_predictions to see how the probabilities are structured.

Esercizio pratico interattivo

Prova a risolvere questo esercizio completando il codice di esempio.

# Fit the rfc model. 
rfc.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Create arrays of predictions
classification_predictions = rfc.____(X_test)
probability_predictions = rfc.____(X_test)

# Print out count of binary predictions
print(pd.Series(____).____())

# Print the first value from probability_predictions
print('The first predicted probabilities are: {}'.format(____[____]))

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Questo esercizio fa parte del corso

Model Validation in Python

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Before we can validate models, we need an understanding of how to create and work with them. This chapter provides an introduction to running regression and classification models in scikit-learn. We will use this model building foundation throughout the remaining chapters.

Exercise 1: Introduction to model validation Exercise 2: Modeling steps Exercise 3: Seen vs. unseen data Exercise 4: Regression models Exercise 5: Set parameters and fit a model Exercise 6: Feature importances Exercise 7: Classification models Exercise 8: Classification predictions

Esercizio in corso

Exercise 9: Reusing model parameters Exercise 10: Random forest classifier

This chapter focuses on the basics of model validation. From splitting data into training, validation, and testing datasets, to creating an understanding of the bias-variance tradeoff, we build the foundation for the techniques of K-Fold and Leave-One-Out validation practiced in chapter three.

Exercise 1: Creating train, test, and validation datasets Exercise 2: Create one holdout set Exercise 3: Create two holdout sets Exercise 4: Why use holdout sets Exercise 5: Accuracy metrics: regression models Exercise 6: Mean absolute error Exercise 7: Mean squared error Exercise 8: Performance on data subsets Exercise 9: Classification metrics Exercise 10: Confusion matrices Exercise 11: Confusion matrices, again Exercise 12: Precision vs. recall Exercise 13: The bias-variance tradeoff Exercise 14: Error due to under/over-fitting Exercise 15: Am I underfitting?

Holdout sets are a great start to model validation. However, using a single train and test set if often not enough. Cross-validation is considered the gold standard when it comes to validating model performance and is almost always used when tuning model hyper-parameters. This chapter focuses on performing cross-validation to validate model performance.

Exercise 1: The problems with holdout sets Exercise 2: Two samples Exercise 3: Potential problems Exercise 4: Cross-validation Exercise 5: scikit-learn's KFold()Exercise 6: Using KFold indices Exercise 7: sklearn's cross_val_score()Exercise 8: scikit-learn's methods Exercise 9: Implement cross_val_score()Exercise 10: Leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV)Exercise 11: When to use LOOCV Exercise 12: Leave-one-out-cross-validation

The first three chapters focused on model validation techniques. In chapter 4 we apply these techniques, specifically cross-validation, while learning about hyperparameter tuning. After all, model validation makes tuning possible and helps us select the overall best model.

Exercise 1: Introduction to hyperparameter tuning Exercise 2: Creating Hyperparameters Exercise 3: Running a model using ranges Exercise 4: RandomizedSearchCV Exercise 5: Preparing for RandomizedSearch Exercise 6: Implementing RandomizedSearchCV Exercise 7: Selecting your final model Exercise 8: Best classification accuracy Exercise 9: Selecting the best precision model Exercise 10: Course completed!