将您已经编写的脚本转换为包，开始着手构建。您将创建一个简单的包，并可在您自己的电脑上使用。

开始创建包

选项

模块

子包

模块、包与子包

# Open the text file
with open('alice.txt') as file:
    text = file.read()

n = 0
for word in text.split():
    # Count the number of times the words in the list appear
    if word.lower() in ['cat', 'cats']:
        n += 1

print('Lewis Carroll uses the word "cat" {} times'.format(n))


def count_words(filepath, words_list):
    # Open the text file
    with open(filepath) as file:
        text = file.read()
    
    n = 0
    for word in text.split():
        # Count the number of times the words in the list appear
        if word.lower() in words_list:
            n += 1
    return n


从脚本到包

def count_words(filepath, words_list):
    # Open the text file
    with open(filepath) as file:
        text = file.read()
    # Count number of times these words appear
    n = 0
    for word in text.split():
        if word.lower() in words_list:
            n += 1
    return n


from textanalysis.textanalysis import count_words

# Count the number of positive words
nb_positive_words = ____(____, [____, ____])

# Count the number of negative words
nb_negative_words = ____(____, ____)

print("{} positive words.".format(nb_positive_words))
print("{} negative words.".format(nb_negative_words))


from textanalysis.textanalysis import count_words

# Count the number of positive words
nb_positive_words = count_words('hotel-reviews.txt', ['good', 'great'])

# Count the number of negative words
nb_negative_words = count_words('hotel-reviews.txt', ['bad', 'awful'])

print("{} positive words.".format(nb_positive_words))
print("{} negative words.".format(nb_negative_words))


让您的包真正发挥作用

文档

INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")

def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """

    Parameters
    ----------
    x :

    reverse :
         (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------

    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


# Run the following command in the console
# pyment -w -o numpydoc impyrial/length/core.py

使用 pyment 编写函数文档

INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """

    Parameters
    ----------
    x :

    reverse :
         (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------

    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """Convert lengths between inches and feet.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : numpy.ndarray
        Lengths in feet.
    reverse : bool, optional
        If true this function converts from feet to inches 
        instead of the default behavior of inches to feet. 
        (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------
    numpy.ndarray
    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


使用 pyment 编写函数文档 II

"""
impyrial
========
A package for converting between imperial measurements of length and weight.
"""


"""
impyrial.length
===============
Length conversion between imperial units.
"""


"""Conversions between inches and larger imperial length units"""
INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """Convert lengths between inches and feet.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : numpy.ndarray
        Lengths in feet.
    reverse : bool, optional
        If true this function converts from feet to inches 
        instead of the default behavior of inches to feet. 
        (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------
    numpy.ndarray
    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


包和模块文档

组织导入结构

from ____ import ____

result = convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result)


"""User-facing functions."""
from ____ import (
    ____,
    ____,
    ____
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


from impyrial.length.api import convert_unit

result = convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result)


"""User-facing functions."""
from impyrial.length.core import (
    UNITS,
    inches_to_feet,
    inches_to_yards
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


同级导入（Sibling imports）

from impyrial.length.api import convert_unit

# Make sure unit checking is working by trying examples
print('The following line should run:')
result1 = convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result1)

print('The following line should cause an error:')
result2 = convert_unit(10, 'lb', 'yd')
print(result2)


"""User-facing functions."""
# Import the check_units function
____
from impyrial.length.core import (
    UNITS,
    inches_to_feet,
    inches_to_yards,
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Check if units are valid length units
    check_units(from_unit, to_unit, UNITS)
    
    # convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


"""User-facing functions."""
# Import the check_units function
from impyrial.utils import check_units
from impyrial.length.core import (
    UNITS,
    inches_to_feet,
    inches_to_yards,
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Check if units are valid length units
    check_units(from_unit, to_unit, UNITS)
    
    # Convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


从父级包导入

# This is the __init__.py file for the impyrial/length subpackage

# Import the convert_unit function from the api.py module
____


# This is the top level __init__.py file

# Import the length subpackage
____


import impyrial

result = impyrial.length.convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result)


# This is the __init__.py file for the impyrial/length subpackage

# Import the convert_unit function from the api.py module
from .api import convert_unit


# This is the top level __init__.py file

# Import the length subpackage
from . import length


向用户公开函数

从零散代码到本地包

让您的包对您自己和他人都可安装。在本章中，您将学习处理依赖、编写 README，并包含许可证。您还将完成将包发布到 PyPI（Python 包的主要托管平台）的全部步骤。

安装您自己的包

添加 setup 脚本

在本地安装您的包

使用可编辑安装

处理依赖项

用户依赖项

开发依赖

添加许可证并编写 README

编写 README

MANIFEST - 在包中包含额外文件

发布您的包

构建分发包

上传分发包

从任意位置安装您的包

将您的包提升到专业水准。了解如何使用 pytest 防止错误、使用 tox 测试您的包是否能在多个 Python 版本下正常运行，以及使用 flake8 维护良好的代码风格。

测试您的包

创建测试目录

编写一些基础测试

运行您的测试

在不同环境中测试您的包

设置 tox

运行 tox

保持您的包风格统一

恰当的风格过滤

使用 flake8 整理文件

忽略特定错误

配置 flake8

提升您的包的质量

更高效地创建您的包。在最后一章中，您将学习如何使用 cookiecutter 生成包所需的所有支持文件，使用 Makefile 简化新版本发布，并了解为了吸引用户和贡献者，您的包还需要的最后几个文件。

使用模板加速包开发

使用包模板

版本号与历史

CONTRIBUTING.md

历史文件

使用 bumpversion 跟踪版本号

Makefile 与分类器

PyPI 分类器

使用 Makefile

总结

快速包开发

您是否总是在文件之间复制粘贴相同的代码，希望能更轻松地复用并分享这些妙用片段？把代码封装成 Python 包就能帮到您！在本课程中，您将学习包的结构，以及将零散代码变成易于使用的包所需的额外文件。您还会学习导入结构、文档编写，以及如何使用 flake8 保持代码风格一致。接着，您将通过构建模板来加速包开发，使用 cookiecutter 创建包的骨架。最后，您将学习如何使用 setuptools 和 twine 构建并将您的包发布到 PyPI——Python 包的全球舞台。

Introduction to Shell

Writing Functions in Python

了解包结构、导入结构、文档、代码风格维护，然后构建模板并使用工具发布。

开发 Python 包

学习创建自己的 Python 包，让代码更易用，也更方便与他人共享。

从父级包导入

开发 Python 包

动手互动练习