把你已經寫好的指令碼轉成套件，為你的套件開個頭。你會建立一個簡單的套件，並可在自己的電腦上使用。

啟動一個套件

選項

模組

套件

子套件

模組、套件與子套件

# Open the text file
with open('alice.txt') as file:
    text = file.read()

n = 0
for word in text.split():
    # Count the number of times the words in the list appear
    if word.lower() in ['cat', 'cats']:
        n += 1

print('Lewis Carroll uses the word "cat" {} times'.format(n))


def count_words(filepath, words_list):
    # Open the text file
    with open(filepath) as file:
        text = file.read()
    
    n = 0
    for word in text.split():
        # Count the number of times the words in the list appear
        if word.lower() in words_list:
            n += 1
    return n


從指令碼到套件

def count_words(filepath, words_list):
    # Open the text file
    with open(filepath) as file:
        text = file.read()
    # Count number of times these words appear
    n = 0
    for word in text.split():
        if word.lower() in words_list:
            n += 1
    return n


from textanalysis.textanalysis import count_words

# Count the number of positive words
nb_positive_words = ____(____, [____, ____])

# Count the number of negative words
nb_negative_words = ____(____, ____)

print("{} positive words.".format(nb_positive_words))
print("{} negative words.".format(nb_negative_words))


from textanalysis.textanalysis import count_words

# Count the number of positive words
nb_positive_words = count_words('hotel-reviews.txt', ['good', 'great'])

# Count the number of negative words
nb_negative_words = count_words('hotel-reviews.txt', ['bad', 'awful'])

print("{} positive words.".format(nb_positive_words))
print("{} negative words.".format(nb_negative_words))


讓你的套件派上用場

文件說明

INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")

def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """

    Parameters
    ----------
    x :

    reverse :
         (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------

    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


# Run the following command in the console
# pyment -w -o numpydoc impyrial/length/core.py

使用 pyment 撰寫函式文件

INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """

    Parameters
    ----------
    x :

    reverse :
         (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------

    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """Convert lengths between inches and feet.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : numpy.ndarray
        Lengths in feet.
    reverse : bool, optional
        If true this function converts from feet to inches 
        instead of the default behavior of inches to feet. 
        (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------
    numpy.ndarray
    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


使用 pyment 撰寫函式文件 II

"""
impyrial
========
A package for converting between imperial measurements of length and weight.
"""


"""
impyrial.length
===============
Length conversion between imperial units.
"""


"""Conversions between inches and larger imperial length units"""
INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12.0  # 12 inches in a foot
INCHES_PER_YARD = INCHES_PER_FOOT * 3.0  # 3 feet in a yard

UNITS = ("in", "ft", "yd")


def inches_to_feet(x, reverse=False):
    """Convert lengths between inches and feet.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : numpy.ndarray
        Lengths in feet.
    reverse : bool, optional
        If true this function converts from feet to inches 
        instead of the default behavior of inches to feet. 
        (Default value = False)

    Returns
    -------
    numpy.ndarray
    """
    if reverse:
        return x * INCHES_PER_FOOT
    else:
        return x / INCHES_PER_FOOT


套件與模組文件

匯入結構設計

from ____ import ____

result = convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result)


"""User-facing functions."""
from ____ import (
    ____,
    ____,
    ____
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


from impyrial.length.api import convert_unit

result = convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result)


"""User-facing functions."""
from impyrial.length.core import (
    UNITS,
    inches_to_feet,
    inches_to_yards
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


同層匯入（Sibling imports）

from impyrial.length.api import convert_unit

# Make sure unit checking is working by trying examples
print('The following line should run:')
result1 = convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result1)

print('The following line should cause an error:')
result2 = convert_unit(10, 'lb', 'yd')
print(result2)


"""User-facing functions."""
# Import the check_units function
____
from impyrial.length.core import (
    UNITS,
    inches_to_feet,
    inches_to_yards,
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Check if units are valid length units
    check_units(from_unit, to_unit, UNITS)
    
    # convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


"""User-facing functions."""
# Import the check_units function
from impyrial.utils import check_units
from impyrial.length.core import (
    UNITS,
    inches_to_feet,
    inches_to_yards,
)


def convert_unit(x, from_unit, to_unit):
    """Convert from one length unit to another.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array_like
        Lengths to convert.
    from_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the input lengths `x`
    to_unit : {'in', 'ft', 'yd'}
        Unit of the returned lengths

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray
        An array of converted lengths with the same shape as `x`. If `x` is a
        0-d array, then a scalar is returned.
    """
    # Check if units are valid length units
    check_units(from_unit, to_unit, UNITS)
    
    # Convert length to inches
    if from_unit == "in":
        inches = x
    elif from_unit == "ft":
        inches = inches_to_feet(x, reverse=True)
    elif from_unit == "yd":
        inches = inches_to_yards(x, reverse=True)

    # Convert inches to desired units
    if to_unit == "in":
        value = inches
    elif to_unit == "ft":
        value = inches_to_feet(inches)
    elif to_unit == "yd":
        value = inches_to_yards(inches)

    return value


從父層匯入

# This is the __init__.py file for the impyrial/length subpackage

# Import the convert_unit function from the api.py module
____


# This is the top level __init__.py file

# Import the length subpackage
____


import impyrial

result = impyrial.length.convert_unit(10, 'in', 'yd')
print(result)


# This is the __init__.py file for the impyrial/length subpackage

# Import the convert_unit function from the api.py module
from .api import convert_unit


# This is the top level __init__.py file

# Import the length subpackage
from . import length


將函式提供給使用者

從零散程式碼到本機套件

讓你的套件可供你自己與他人安裝。在本章中，你會學到如何處理相依套件、撰寫 README，以及加入授權條款。你也會完成將套件發佈到 PyPI——Python 套件的主要家園——所需的全部步驟。

安裝你自己的套件

加入 setup 指令稿

在本機安裝你的套件

使用可編輯安裝

處理相依套件

使用者相依套件

開發相依套件

加入授權條款並撰寫 README

撰寫 README

MANIFEST－在套件中包含額外檔案

發佈你的套件

建立散佈套件

上傳發行檔

從任何地方安裝你的套件

把你的套件提升到專業水準。你將學會使用 pytest 防止錯誤、用 tox 測試套件是否能在多個 Python 版本下運作，以及用 flake8 維持良好的程式風格。

測試你的套件

建立測試目錄

撰寫一些基本測試

執行你的測試

在不同環境中測試你的套件

設定 tox

執行 tox

讓你的套件更有型

適當的風格過濾

使用 flake8 清理檔案

忽略特定錯誤

設定 flake8

提升你的套件品質

更快速地建立你的套件。在最後一章中，你會學到如何使用 cookiecutter 產生套件所需的各種支援檔案、利用 Makefile 簡化新版本釋出流程，並認識最後幾個能吸引使用者與貢獻者的必要檔案。

用樣板更快開發套件

使用套件樣板

版本號與變更歷史

CONTRIBUTING.md

版本歷史檔

使用 bumpversion 追蹤版本號

Makefile 與分類器

PyPI 分類標籤

使用 Makefile

總結

快速套件開發

你是否常把同一段程式碼在不同檔案間複製貼上，總希望能更容易重複使用與分享這些好用片段？把程式碼包裝成 Python 套件就能幫上忙！在本課程中，你會學到套件結構，以及把零散程式碼轉成好用套件所需的額外檔案。你也會學到匯入結構、文件撰寫，並使用 flake8 維持程式風格一致。接著，透過建立樣板並使用 cookiecutter 產生套件骨架，來加速你的套件開發。最後，你將學習如何使用 setuptools 與 twine 建置並發佈套件到 PyPI——Python 套件的全球舞台。

Introduction to Shell

Writing Functions in Python

了解套件結構、匯入結構、文件及維護代碼風格，然後建立模板並使用設置工具發布。

開發 Python 套件

學會建立自己的 Python 套件，讓你的程式碼更易於使用與分享。

從父層匯入

開發 Python 套件

動手互動練習