Standardizzare le feature

È importante assicurarsi che gli input delle feature per il calcolo della distanza kNN siano standardizzati usando la funzione scale(). La standardizzazione fa sì che le feature con media o varianza elevate non influenzino in modo sproporzionato il punteggio di distanza kNN.

Questo esercizio fa parte del corso

Introduzione all'Anomaly Detection in R

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Istruzioni dell'esercizio

Applica la funzione summary() ai dati wine per calcolare valori di media, minimo e massimo per pH e alcohol.
Usa la funzione scale() per creare una versione standardizzata dei dati wine chiamata wine_scaled.
Usa la funzione summary() su wine_scaled per verificare che la media e gli intervalli siano cambiati.

Esercizio pratico interattivo

Prova a risolvere questo esercizio completando il codice di esempio.

# Without standardization, features have different scales
summary(wine)

# Standardize the wine columns
wine_scaled <- ___

# Standardized features have similar means and quartiles
___(___)

Modifica ed esegui il codice

Questo esercizio fa parte del corso

Introduzione all'Anomaly Detection in R

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In this chapter, you'll learn how numerical and graphical summaries can be used to informally assess whether data contain unusual points. You'll use a statistical procedure called Grubbs' test to check whether a point is an outlier, and learn about the Seasonal-Hybrid ESD algorithm, which can help identify outliers when the data are a time series.

Exercise 1: What do we mean when we talk about anomalies?Exercise 2: Recognizing anomaly types Exercise 3: Exploring the river nitrate data Exercise 4: Testing the extremes with Grubbs' test Exercise 5: Visual check of normality Exercise 6: Grubbs' test Exercise 7: Hunting multiple outliers using Grubbs' test Exercise 8: Anomalies in time series Exercise 9: Visual assessment of seasonality Exercise 10: Seasonal Hybrid ESD algorithm Exercise 11: Interpreting Seasonal-Hybrid ESD output Exercise 12: Seasonal-Hybrid ESD versus Grubbs' test

In this chapter, you'll learn how to calculate the k-nearest neighbors distance and the local outlier factor, which are used to construct continuous anomaly scores for each data point when the data have multiple features. You'll learn the difference between local and global anomalies and how the two algorithms can help in each case.

Exercise 1: Punteggio della distanza k-nearest neighbors Exercise 2: Esplorare il vino Exercise 3: Matrice delle distanze kNN Exercise 4: Punteggio di distanza kNN Exercise 5: Visualizzare la distanza kNN Exercise 6: Standardizzare le feature

Esercizio in corso

Exercise 7: Aggiungere il punteggio kNN Exercise 8: Visualizzare il punteggio di distanza kNN Exercise 9: Fattore di anomalia locale Exercise 10: Calcolo del LOF Exercise 11: Visualizzazione LOF Exercise 12: LOF vs kNN

k-nearest neighbors distance and local outlier factor use the distance or relative density of the nearest neighbors to score each point. In this chapter, you'll explore an alternative tree-based approach called an isolation forest, which is a fast and robust method of detecting anomalies that measures how easily points can be separated by randomly splitting the data into smaller and smaller regions.

Exercise 1: Isolation trees Exercise 2: Fit and predict with an isolation tree Exercise 3: Score interpretation Exercise 4: Isolation forest Exercise 5: Fit an isolation forest Exercise 6: Checking convergence Exercise 7: Visualizing the isolation score Exercise 8: A grid of points Exercise 9: Prediction over a grid Exercise 10: Anomaly contours

You've now been introduced to a few different algorithms for anomaly scoring. In this final chapter, you'll learn to compare the detection performance of the algorithms in instances where labeled anomalies are available. You'll learn to calculate and interpret the precision and recall statistics for an anomaly score, and how to adapt the algorithms so they can accommodate data with categorical features.

Exercise 1: Labeled anomalies Exercise 2: Thyroid data Exercise 3: Visualizing thyroid disease Exercise 4: Anomaly score Exercise 5: Measuring performance Exercise 6: Binarized scores Exercise 7: Cross-tabulate binary scores Exercise 8: Thyroid precision and recall Exercise 9: Working with categorical features Exercise 10: Converting character to factor Exercise 11: Isolation forest with factors Exercise 12: LOF with factors Exercise 13: Wrap-up