Modelli ARIMA automatici per serie temporali stagionali

Come hai visto nel video, la funzione auto.arima() funziona anche con dati stagionali. Nota che impostare lambda = 0 nella funzione auto.arima() — applicando quindi una trasformazione logaritmica — significa che il modello verrà adattato ai dati trasformati e che le previsioni verranno riportate alla scala originale tramite retro-trasformazione.

Dopo aver applicato summary() a questo tipo di modello adattato, potresti vedere un output simile a quello seguente che corrisponde a \((p,d,q)(P,D,Q)[m]\):

ARIMA(0,1,4)(0,1,1)[12]

In questo esercizio userai queste funzioni per modellare e prevedere i dati h02 già caricati, che contengono le vendite mensili di farmaci corticosteroidi in Australia.

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Istruzioni dell'esercizio

Usando la funzione di plot standard, traccia i dati h02 in scala logaritmica per verificare che la varianza sia stabile.
Adatta un modello ARIMA stagionale alla serie h02 con lambda = 0. Salvalo in fit.
Riassumi il modello adattato usando il metodo appropriato.
Quali livelli di differenziazione sono stati utilizzati nel modello? Assegna la quantità di differenziazione al ritardo 1 a d e la differenziazione stagionale a D.
Disegna le previsioni per i prossimi 2 anni usando il modello adattato. Imposta h di conseguenza.

Esercizio pratico interattivo

Prova a risolvere questo esercizio completando il codice di esempio.

# Check that the logged h02 data have stable variance
h02 %>% ___ %>% ___

# Fit a seasonal ARIMA model to h02 with lambda = 0
fit <- ___

# Summarize the fitted model
___

# Record the amount of lag-1 differencing and seasonal differencing used
d <- ___
D <- ___

# Plot 2-year forecasts
fit %>% ___ %>% ___

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The first thing to do in any data analysis task is to plot the data. Graphs enable many features of the data to be visualized, including patterns, unusual observations, and changes over time. The features that are seen in plots of the data must then be incorporated, as far as possible, into the forecasting methods to be used.

Exercise 1: Welcome to Forecasting Using R Exercise 2: Creating time series objects in R Exercise 3: Time series plots Exercise 4: Seasonal plots Exercise 5: Trends, seasonality, and cyclicity Exercise 6: Autocorrelation of non-seasonal time series Exercise 7: Autocorrelation of seasonal and cyclic time series Exercise 8: Match the ACF to the time series Exercise 9: White noise Exercise 10: Stock prices and white noise

In this chapter, you will learn general tools that are useful for many different forecasting situations. It will describe some methods for benchmark forecasting, methods for checking whether a forecasting method has adequately utilized the available information, and methods for measuring forecast accuracy. Each of the tools discussed in this chapter will be used repeatedly in subsequent chapters as you develop and explore a range of forecasting methods.

Exercise 1: Forecasts and potential futures Exercise 2: Naive forecasting methods Exercise 3: Fitted values and residuals Exercise 4: Checking time series residuals Exercise 5: Training and test sets Exercise 6: Evaluating forecast accuracy of non-seasonal methods Exercise 7: Evaluating forecast accuracy of seasonal methods Exercise 8: Do I have a good forecasting model?Exercise 9: Time series cross-validation Exercise 10: Using tsCV() for time series cross-validation

Forecasts produced using exponential smoothing methods are weighted averages of past observations, with the weights decaying exponentially as the observations get older. In other words, the more recent the observation, the higher the associated weight. This framework generates reliable forecasts quickly and for a wide range of time series, which is a great advantage and of major importance to applications in business.

Exercise 1: Exponentially weighted forecasts Exercise 2: Simple exponential smoothing Exercise 3: SES vs naive Exercise 4: Exponential smoothing methods with trend Exercise 5: Holt's trend methods Exercise 6: Exponential smoothing methods with trend and seasonality Exercise 7: Holt-Winters with monthly data Exercise 8: Holt-Winters method with daily data Exercise 9: State space models for exponential smoothing Exercise 10: Automatic forecasting with exponential smoothing Exercise 11: ETS vs seasonal naive Exercise 12: Match the models to the time series Exercise 13: When does ETS fail?

ARIMA models provide another approach to time series forecasting. Exponential smoothing and ARIMA models are the two most widely-used approaches to time series forecasting, and provide complementary approaches to the problem. While exponential smoothing models are based on a description of the trend and seasonality in the data, ARIMA models aim to describe the autocorrelations in the data.

Exercise 1: Trasformazioni per stabilizzare la varianza Exercise 2: Trasformazioni di Box-Cox per serie temporali Exercise 3: Differenziazione non stagionale per la stazionarietà Exercise 4: Differenziazione stagionale per la stazionarietà Exercise 5: Modelli ARIMA Exercise 6: Modelli ARIMA automatici per serie non stagionali Exercise 7: Previsioni con modelli ARIMA Exercise 8: Confrontare auto.arima() ed ets() su dati non stagionali Exercise 9: Modelli ARIMA stagionali Exercise 10: Modelli ARIMA automatici per serie temporali stagionali

Esercizio in corso

Exercise 11: Esplorare le opzioni di auto.arima()Exercise 12: Confrontare auto.arima() ed ets() su dati stagionali

The time series models in the previous chapters work well for many time series, but they are often not good for weekly or hourly data, and they do not allow for the inclusion of other information such as the effects of holidays, competitor activity, changes in the law, etc. In this chapter, you will look at some methods that handle more complicated seasonality, and you consider how to extend ARIMA models in order to allow other information to be included in the them.

Exercise 1: Dynamic regression Exercise 2: Forecasting sales allowing for advertising expenditure Exercise 3: Forecasting electricity demand Exercise 4: Dynamic harmonic regression Exercise 5: Forecasting weekly data Exercise 6: Harmonic regression for multiple seasonality Exercise 7: Forecasting call bookings Exercise 8: TBATS models Exercise 9: TBATS models for electricity demand Exercise 10: Your future in forecasting!