Hitung RMSE

Dalam latihan ini, Anda akan menghitung RMSE dari model pengangguran Anda. Pada latihan pemrograman sebelumnya, Anda menambahkan dua kolom ke himpunan data unemployment:

prediksi model (kolom predictions)
residual antara prediksi dan keluaran (kolom residuals)

Anda dapat menghitung RMSE dari sebuah vektor residual, \(res\), sebagai:

$$ RMSE = \sqrt{\operatorname{mean}(res^2)} $$

Anda menginginkan RMSE yang kecil. Seberapa kecil itu? Salah satu heuristik adalah membandingkan RMSE dengan simpangan baku dari keluaran. Dengan model yang baik, RMSE seharusnya lebih kecil.

Kerangka data unemployment telah dimuat untuk Anda.

Latihan ini adalah bagian dari kursus

Supervised Learning di R: Regresi

Petunjuk latihan

Tinjau data unemployment dari latihan sebelumnya.
Untuk kemudahan, tetapkan kolom residuals dari unemployment ke variabel res.
Hitung RMSE: kuadratkan res, ambil nilai rataratanya, lalu akarkan. Tetapkan hasilnya ke variabel rmse dan cetak.
- Tip: Anda dapat melakukannya dalam satu langkah dengan membungkus penetapan dalam tanda kurung: (rmse <- ___)
Hitung simpangan baku dari female_unemployment dan tetapkan ke variabel sd_unemployment. Cetak. Bagaimana perbandingan rmse model terhadap simpangan baku data?

Latihan interaktif praktis

Cobalah latihan ini dengan menyelesaikan kode contoh berikut.

# Print a summary of unemployment
summary(unemployment)

# For convenience put the residuals in the variable res
res <- ___

# Calculate RMSE, assign it to the variable rmse and print it
(rmse <- ___)

# Calculate the standard deviation of female_unemployment and print it
(sd_unemployment <- ___)

Edit dan Jalankan Kode

Latihan ini adalah bagian dari kursus

Supervised Learning di R: Regresi

SkillTag.level.intermediateSkillTag.label

4.6+

Mulai Kursus Gratis

In this chapter we introduce the concept of regression from a machine learning point of view. We will present the fundamental regression method: linear regression. We will show how to fit a linear regression model and to make predictions from the model.

Exercise 1: Welcome and Introduction Exercise 2: Identify the regression tasks Exercise 3: Linear regression - the fundamental method Exercise 4: Code a simple one-variable regression Exercise 5: Examining a model Exercise 6: Predicting once you fit a model Exercise 7: Predicting from the unemployment model Exercise 8: Multivariate linear regression (Part 1)Exercise 9: Multivariate linear regression (Part 2)Exercise 10: Wrapping up linear regression

Now that we have learned how to fit basic linear regression models, we will learn how to evaluate how well our models perform. We will review evaluating a model graphically, and look at two basic metrics for regression models. We will also learn how to train a model that will perform well in the wild, not just on training data. Although we will demonstrate these techniques using linear regression, all these concepts apply to models fit with any regression algorithm.

Exercise 1: Mengevaluasi model secara grafis Exercise 2: Evaluasi model pengangguran secara grafis Exercise 3: Kurva gain untuk mengevaluasi model pengangguran Exercise 4: Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)Exercise 5: Hitung RMSE

Latihan Saat Ini

Exercise 6: R-squared Exercise 7: Hitung R-squared Exercise 8: Korelasi dan R-squared Exercise 9: Melatih Model dengan Tepat Exercise 10: Membuat pembagian acak data train/test Exercise 11: Latih model menggunakan pemisahan test/train Exercise 12: Evaluasi model menggunakan pembagian train/test Exercise 13: Buat rencana cross validation Exercise 14: Evaluasi prosedur pemodelan menggunakan n-fold cross-validation

Before moving on to more sophisticated regression techniques, we will look at some other modeling issues: modeling with categorical inputs, interactions between variables, and when you might consider transforming inputs and outputs before modeling. While more sophisticated regression techniques manage some of these issues automatically, it's important to be aware of them, in order to understand which methods best handle various issues -- and which issues you must still manage yourself.

Exercise 1: Categorical inputs Exercise 2: Examining the structure of categorical inputs Exercise 3: Modeling with categorical inputs Exercise 4: Interactions Exercise 5: Modeling an interaction Exercise 6: Modeling an interaction (2)Exercise 7: Transforming the response before modeling Exercise 8: Relative error Exercise 9: Modeling log-transformed monetary output Exercise 10: Comparing RMSE and root-mean-squared Relative Error Exercise 11: Transforming inputs before modeling Exercise 12: Input transforms: the "hockey stick"Exercise 13: Input transforms: the "hockey stick" (2)

Now that we have mastered linear models, we will begin to look at techniques for modeling situations that don't meet the assumptions of linearity. This includes predicting probabilities and frequencies (values bounded between 0 and 1); predicting counts (nonnegative integer values, and associated rates); and responses that have a non-linear but additive relationship to the inputs. These algorithms are variations on the standard linear model.

Exercise 1: Logistic regression to predict probabilities Exercise 2: Fit a model of sparrow survival probability Exercise 3: Predict sparrow survival Exercise 4: Poisson and quasipoisson regression to predict counts Exercise 5: Poisson or quasipoisson Exercise 6: Fit a model to predict bike rental counts Exercise 7: Predict bike rentals on new data Exercise 8: Visualize the bike rental predictions Exercise 9: GAM to learn non-linear transforms Exercise 10: Writing formulas for GAM models Exercise 11: Writing formulas for GAM models (2)Exercise 12: Model soybean growth with GAM Exercise 13: Predict with the soybean model on test data

In this chapter we will look at modeling algorithms that do not assume linearity or additivity, and that can learn limited types of interactions among input variables. These algorithms are *tree-based* methods that work by combining ensembles of *decision trees* that are learned from the training data.

Exercise 1: The intuition behind tree-based methods Exercise 2: Predicting with a decision tree Exercise 3: Random forests Exercise 4: Build a random forest model for bike rentals Exercise 5: Predict bike rentals with the random forest model Exercise 6: Visualize random forest bike model predictions Exercise 7: One-Hot-Encoding Categorical Variables Exercise 8: vtreat on a small example Exercise 9: Novel levels Exercise 10: vtreat the bike rental data Exercise 11: Gradient boosting machines Exercise 12: Find the right number of trees for a gradient boosting machine Exercise 13: Fit an xgboost bike rental model and predict Exercise 14: Evaluate the xgboost bike rental model Exercise 15: Visualize the xgboost bike rental model