Selecting a support threshold

The manager of the online gift store looks at the results you provided from the previous exercise and commends you for the good work. She does, however, raise an issue: all of the itemsets you identified contain only one item. She asks whether it would be possible to use a less restrictive rule and to generate more itemsets, possibly including those with multiple items.

After agreeing to do this, you think about what might explain the lack of itemsets with more than 1 item. It can't be the max_len parameter, since that was set to three. You decide it must be support and decide to test two different values, each time checking how many additional itemsets are generated. Note that pandas is available as pd and the one-hot encoded data is available as onehot.

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Market Basket Analysis in Python

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# Import apriori from mlxtend
from mlxtend.____ import ____

# Compute frequent itemsets using a support of 0.003 and length of 3
frequent_itemsets_1 = apriori(onehot, min_support = ____, 
                            max_len = ____, use_colnames = True)

# Compute frequent itemsets using a support of 0.001 and length of 3
frequent_itemsets_2 = apriori(onehot, min_support = ____, 
                            ____, use_colnames = True)

# Print the number of freqeuent itemsets
print(len(frequent_itemsets_1), len(frequent_itemsets_2))

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Market Basket Analysis in Python

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In this chapter, you’ll learn the basics of Market Basket Analysis: association rules, metrics, and pruning. You’ll then apply these concepts to help a small grocery store improve its promotional and product placement efforts.

Exercise 1: What is market basket analysis?Exercise 2: The basics of market basket analysis Exercise 3: Cross-selling products Exercise 4: Identifying association rules Exercise 5: Multiple antecedents and consequents Exercise 6: Preparing data for market basket analysis Exercise 7: Generating association rules Exercise 8: The simplest metric Exercise 9: One-hot encoding transaction data Exercise 10: Computing the support metric

Association rules tell us that two or more items are related. Metrics allow us to quantify the usefulness of those relationships. In this chapter, you’ll apply six metrics to evaluate association rules: supply, confidence, lift, conviction, leverage, and Zhang's metric. You’ll then use association rules and metrics to assist a library and an e-book seller.

Exercise 1: Confidence and lift Exercise 2: Recommending books with support Exercise 3: Refining support with confidence Exercise 4: Further refinement with lift Exercise 5: Leverage and conviction Exercise 6: Lift versus leverage Exercise 7: Computing conviction Exercise 8: Computing conviction with a function Exercise 9: Promoting ebooks with conviction Exercise 10: Association and dissociation Exercise 11: Computing association and dissociation Exercise 12: Defining Zhang's metric Exercise 13: Applying Zhang's metric Exercise 14: Advanced rules Exercise 15: Filtering with support and conviction Exercise 16: Using multi-metric filtering to cross-promote books

The fundamental problem of Market Basket Analysis is determining how to translate vast amounts of customer decisions into a small number of useful rules. This process typically starts with the application of the Apriori algorithm and involves the use of additional strategies, such as pruning and aggregation. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to use these methods and will ultimately apply them in exercises where you assist a retailer in selecting a physical store layout and performing product cross-promotions.

Exercise 1: Aggregation Exercise 2: Performing aggregation Exercise 3: Defining an aggregation function Exercise 4: The Apriori algorithm Exercise 5: Pruning and Apriori Exercise 6: Identifying frequent itemsets with Apriori Exercise 7: Selecting a support threshold

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Exercise 8: Basic Apriori results pruning Exercise 9: Generating association rules Exercise 10: Pruning with lift Exercise 11: Pruning with confidence Exercise 12: Advanced Apriori results pruning Exercise 13: Aggregation and filtering Exercise 14: Applying Zhang's rule Exercise 15: Advanced filtering with multiple metrics

In this final chapter, you’ll learn how visualizations are used to guide the pruning process and summarize final results, which will typically take the form of itemsets or rules. You’ll master the three most useful visualizations -- heatmaps, scatterplots, and parallel coordinates plots – and will apply them to assist a movie streaming service.

Exercise 1: Heatmaps Exercise 2: Visualizing itemset support Exercise 3: Heatmaps with lift Exercise 4: Interpreting heatmaps Exercise 5: Scatterplots Exercise 6: Pruning with scatterplots Exercise 7: Optimality of the support-confidence border Exercise 8: Parallel coordinates plot Exercise 9: Using parallel coordinates to visualize rules Exercise 10: Refining a parallel coordinates plot Exercise 11: Congratulations!