Controleren op ontbrekende waarden

Ontbrekende waarden identificeren is belangrijk voor je analyse. Met dezelfde gegevensset haal je het totale aantal ontbrekende waarden op door zowel over de rijen als de kolommen in de gegevensset te itereren. Als je ontbrekende waarden vindt, zijn extra methoden nodig om hiermee om te gaan, zoals Imputer uit sklearn. Je moet ontbrekende waarden afhandelen, anders wordt het lastig om een goede CTR-voorspelling te doen.

Voorbeelddate in DataFrame‑vorm is geladen als df. pandas als pd is ook beschikbaar in je werkruimte.

Deze oefening maakt deel uit van de cursus

CTR voorspellen met Machine Learning in Python

Cursus bekijken

Oefeninstructies

Print een basisoverzicht van de kolommen met .info().
Print de ontbrekende waarden per kolom met .isnull() (vergeet de haakjes niet!).
Print het totale aantal ontbrekende waarden per rij met axis = 1 en .sum().

Praktische interactieve oefening

Probeer deze oefening eens door deze voorbeeldcode in te vullen.

# Print info
print(df.____)

# Print missing values by column 
print(df.____.sum(____ = 0))

# Print total number of missing values in rows
print(df.____.sum(____ = 1).____)

Code bewerken en uitvoeren

Deze oefening maakt deel uit van de cursus

CTR voorspellen met Machine Learning in Python

SkillTag.level.intermediateSkillTag.label

4.9+

Begin de cursus gratis

Chances are you’re on this page because you clicked a link. In this chapter, you’ll learn why click-through-rates (CTR) are integral to targeted advertising, how to perform basic DataFrame manipulation, and how you can use machine learning models to predict CTR.

Exercise 1: Introduction to click-through rates Exercise 2: Beginning steps Exercise 3: Feature exploration Exercise 4: First evaluation of data Exercise 5: Overview of machine learning models Exercise 6: Logistic regression for breast cancer Exercise 7: Logistic regression for images Exercise 8: A second toy model Exercise 9: CTR prediction using decision trees Exercise 10: Model implementation Exercise 11: A first CTR model Exercise 12: Beyond only accuracy

This chapter provides the foundations for exploratory data analysis (EDA). Using sample data you’ll use the pandas library to look at columns and data types, explore missing data, and use hashing to perform feature engineering on categorical features. All of which are important when exploring features for more accurate CTR prediction.

Exercise 1: Exploratieve data-analyse Exercise 2: Een eerste blik Exercise 3: Controleren op ontbrekende waarden

Huidige oefening

Exercise 4: Verdelingen per CTR Exercise 5: Feature engineering Exercise 6: Datum-tijdkolommen analyseren Exercise 7: Categorische variabelen omzetten Exercise 8: Nieuwe features maken Exercise 9: Features standaardiseren Exercise 10: Log-normalisatie Exercise 11: Standaardisatie begrijpen Exercise 12: Standaardschaling

It’s time to dive deeper. Find out how you can use measures of model performance including precision and recall to answer real-world questions, such as evaluating ROI on ad spend. You’ll also learn ways to improve upon those evaluation metrics, such as ensemble methods and hyperparameter tuning.

Exercise 1: Applications of metric evaluation Exercise 2: Four categories of outcomes Exercise 3: Evaluating four categories Exercise 4: ROI on ad spend Exercise 5: Model evaluation Exercise 6: Precision and recall Exercise 7: Baseline Exercise 8: Classifier comparison Exercise 9: Tuning models Exercise 10: Regularization Exercise 11: Cross validation Exercise 12: Model selection Exercise 13: Ensembles and hyperparameter tuning Exercise 14: Understanding hyperparameter tuning Exercise 15: Random forests Exercise 16: Grid search

Profits can be heavily impacted by your campaign’s CTR. In this chapter, you’ll learn how deep learning can be used to reduce that risk. You’ll focus on multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and neural network models, and learn how these can be used to capture the complex relationship between variables to more accurately predict CTR. Lastly, you’ll explore how to apply the basics of hyperparameter tuning and regularization to classification models.

Exercise 1: Introduction to deep learning Exercise 2: Understanding MLPs Exercise 3: Beginning model Exercise 4: MLPs for CTR Exercise 5: Hyperparameter tuning in deep learning Exercise 6: Hyperparameter tuning in MLPs Exercise 7: Varying hyperparameters Exercise 8: MLP Grid Search Exercise 9: Model evaluation Exercise 10: F-beta score Exercise 11: Low precision and high AUC Exercise 12: Precision, ROI, and AUC Exercise 13: Model review and comparison Exercise 14: Model comparison warmup Exercise 15: Evaluating precision and ROI Exercise 16: Total scoring Exercise 17: Wrap-up video