Calculating areas with subjects

A zscore by itself may not always be easy to interpret. Yes, it does indicate the amount of standard deviations away from the population mean, but this may sound like jibberish to many people. Wouldn't it be great to translate a z score to a probability?

Z scores can be easily translated to probabilities. There are multiple ways to do so:

Look up the z score in a table
Calculate the probability using R

In R we can use the pnorm() function to calculate the probability of obtaining a given score or a more extreme score in the population. Basically this calculate an area under the bell curve. The function pnorm() has several parameters you can include such as:

q: The observation for which you want to calculate the probability
mean: The population mean
sd: The population standard deviation
lower.tail: Indicates whether you want to calculate the area under the curve left of your observations or right of your observations

Let's look at how to use pnorm() and let's play around with the lower.tail option.

Recall that the z score for the scandinavian hipster in the previous exercise was 2.02. Calculate the area left of this observation by specifying lower.tail = TRUE in pnorm and print this probability.
Now calculate the area under the curve right of this observation by specifying lower.tail = FALSE and print this probability.

Take Hint (-30 XP)

Exercise

Calculating areas with subjects

Instructions