Preparing the input text

You have seen in the video how to prepare the input and output texts. This exercise aims to show a common practice that is to use the maximum length of the sentences to pad all of them, this way no information will be lost.

Since the RNN models need the inputs to have the same size, this is a way to pad all sentences and just add zeros to the smaller sentences, without cutting the larger ones.

Also, you will use words instead of characters to represent the tokens, this is a common approach for NMT models.

The Portuguese texts are loaded on the pt_sentences variable and a fitted tokenizer on the input_tokenizer variable.

This exercise is part of the course

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for Language Modeling with Keras

Exercise instructions

Use the .split() method on each sentence to split by white space and obtain the number of words in the sentence.
Use the .texts_to_sequences() method to transform text into sequence of indexes.
Use the obtained maximum length of sentences to pad them.
Print the first transformed sentence.

Hands-on interactive exercise

Have a go at this exercise by completing this sample code.

# Get maximum length of the sentences
pt_length = max([len(sentence.____) for sentence in pt_sentences])

# Transform text to sequence of numerical indexes
X = input_tokenizer.____(pt_sentences)

# Pad the sequences
X = pad_sequences(X, maxlen=____, padding='post')

# Print first sentence
print(pt_sentences[0])

# Print transformed sentence
print(____)

Edit and Run Code

This exercise is part of the course

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for Language Modeling with Keras

AdvancedSkill Level

4.8+

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In this chapter, you will learn the foundations of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). Starting with some prerequisites, continuing to understanding how information flows through the network and finally seeing how to implement such models with Keras in the sentiment classification task.

Exercise 1: Introduction to the course Exercise 2: Comparing the number of parameter of RNN and ANN Exercise 3: Sentiment analysis Exercise 4: Sequence to sequence models Exercise 5: Introduction to language models Exercise 6: Getting used to text data Exercise 7: Preparing text data for model input Exercise 8: Transforming new text Exercise 9: Introduction to RNN inside Keras Exercise 10: Keras models Exercise 11: Keras preprocessing Exercise 12: Your first RNN model

You will learn about the vanishing and exploding gradient problems, often occurring in RNNs, and how to deal with them with the GRU and LSTM cells. Furthermore, you'll create embedding layers for language models and revisit the sentiment classification task.

Exercise 1: Vanishing and exploding gradients Exercise 2: Exploding gradient problem Exercise 3: Vanishing gradient problem Exercise 4: GRU and LSTM cells Exercise 5: GRU cells are better than simpleRNN Exercise 6: Stacking RNN layers Exercise 7: The Embedding layer Exercise 8: Number of parameters comparison Exercise 9: Transfer learning Exercise 10: Embeddings improves performance Exercise 11: Sentiment classification revisited Exercise 12: Better sentiment classification Exercise 13: Using the CNN layer

Next, in this chapter you will learn how to prepare data for the multi-class classification task, as well as the differences between multi-class classification and binary classification (sentiment analysis). Finally, you will learn how to create models and measure their performance with Keras.

Exercise 1: Data pre-processing Exercise 2: Prepare label vectors Exercise 3: Pre-process data Exercise 4: Transfer learning for language models Exercise 5: Transfer learning starting point Exercise 6: Word2Vec Exercise 7: Multi-class classification models Exercise 8: Exploring 20 News Groups dataset Exercise 9: Classifying news articles Exercise 10: Assessing the model's performance Exercise 11: Precision-Recall trade-off Exercise 12: Precision or Recall, that is the question Exercise 13: Performance on multi-class classification

This chapter introduces you to two applications of RNN models: Text Generation and Neural Machine Translation. You will learn how to prepare the text data to the format needed by the models. The Text Generation model is used for replicating a character's way of speech and will have some fun mimicking Sheldon from The Big Bang Theory. Neural Machine Translation is used for example by Google Translate in a much more complex model. In this chapter, you will create a model that translates Portuguese small phrases into English.

Exercise 1: Sequence to Sequence Models Exercise 2: Text generation examples Exercise 3: NMT example Exercise 4: The Text Generating Function Exercise 5: Predict next character Exercise 6: Generate sentence with context Exercise 7: Change the probability scale Exercise 8: Text Generation Models Exercise 9: Create vectors of sentences and next characters Exercise 10: Preparing the data for training Exercise 11: Creating the text generation model Exercise 12: Neural Machine Translation Exercise 13: Preparing the input text

Current Exercise

Exercise 14: Preparing the output text Exercise 15: Translate Portuguese to English Exercise 16: Congratulations!