Exercise

Covariance by hand

In R, you can quickly compute various statistical measures using functions. The interviewer might be interested if you can replicate the calculations of these functions to ensure your understanding of what the functions do.

In this exercise, you will compute covariance by hand. The covariance measures the variability of two random variables.

Recall that the formula for the covariance of a sample is:

\( \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{(x_i - \overline{x})(y_i - \overline{y})}{n-1}\)

The df data frame is available in your environment with variables x and y.

Instructions

100 XP

Assign the number of observations in df to n.
Compute the covariance between x and y by hand.
Compute the covariance between x and y using a function from the stats package.