Congratulations!

1. Congratulations!

Congratulations on completing this course on introduction to object-oriented programming in Python. You've done a great job!

2. Overview

You learned how to think about your code in terms of classes and objects; how to create attributes and methods. You explored inheritance and polymorphism -- two ideas that allows you to leverage and customize existing code in powerful ways. You also learned the distinction between class-level data and instance-level data. What does it mean for two objects to be equal? Turns out, it can mean anything you want, as you learned in chapter 3. You defined custom equality functions, readable string representations, even built your own exceptions. Finally, you learned what makes a relationship between classes suitable for inheritance, how Python handles private vs public data, and how to use properties to manage data access.

3. What's next?

So, where can you go from here? You could start by expanding your knowledge of functionality available in Python. For example, learn about mix-in classes and multiple inheritance -- a highly debated feature of Python that isn't present in many other object-oriented languages. You could learn how to override more built-in operators, like arithmetic operators, or the length operator; how to customize attribute access even more using special methods; how to create your own iterator classes that you could use to index loops. You could learn about abstract base classes used to create interfaces, or how leverage dataclasses -- a new type of class that is especially suitable for data storage.

4. What's next?

Also consider learning more about object-oriented design, which is based on SOLID principles. Solid is an acronym, and you've already learned about the "L" is SOLID -- the Liskov substitution principle, but the other 4 letters are just as important. Finally, I encourage you to learn more about design patterns -- reusable solutions addressing most common problems in software design.

5. Thank you!

Thank you so much for taking this course, and good luck in you future coding adventures!

This exercise is part of the course

Object-Oriented Programming in Python

AdvancedSkill Level

4.7+

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In this chapter, you'll learn what object-oriented programming (OOP) is, how it differs from procedural-programming, and how it can be applied. You'll then define your own classes, and learn how to create methods, attributes, and constructors.

Exercise 1: What is OOP?Exercise 2: OOP termininology Exercise 3: Exploring object interface Exercise 4: Class anatomy: attributes and methods Exercise 5: Understanding class definitions Exercise 6: Create your first class Exercise 7: Using attributes in class definition Exercise 8: Class anatomy: the __init__ constructor Exercise 9: Correct use of __init__Exercise 10: Add a class constructor Exercise 11: Write a class from scratch

Inheritance and polymorphism are the core concepts of OOP that enable efficient and consistent code reuse. Learn how to inherit from a class, customize and redefine methods, and review the differences between class-level data and instance-level data.

Exercise 1: Instance and class data Exercise 2: Class-level attributes Exercise 3: Changing class attributes Exercise 4: Alternative constructors Exercise 5: Class inheritance Exercise 6: Understanding inheritance Exercise 7: Create a subclass Exercise 8: Customizing functionality via inheritance Exercise 9: Method inheritance Exercise 10: Inheritance of class attributes Exercise 11: Customizing a DataFrame

In this chapter, you'll learn how to make sure that objects that store the same data are considered equal, how to define and customize string representations of objects, and even how to create new error types. Through interactive exercises, you’ll learn how to further customize your classes to make them work more like standard Python data types.

Exercise 1: Operator overloading: comparison Exercise 2: Overloading equality Exercise 3: Checking class equality Exercise 4: Comparison and inheritance Exercise 5: Operator overloading: string representation Exercise 6: String formatting review Exercise 7: String representation of objects Exercise 8: Exceptions Exercise 9: Catching exceptions Exercise 10: Custom exceptions Exercise 11: Handling exception hierarchies

How do you design classes for inheritance? Does Python have private attributes? Is it possible to control attribute access? You'll find answers to these questions (and more) as you learn class design best practices.

Exercise 1: Designing for inheritance and polymorphism Exercise 2: Polymorphic methods Exercise 3: Square and rectangle Exercise 4: Managing data access: private attributes Exercise 5: Attribute naming conventions Exercise 6: Using internal attributes Exercise 7: Properties Exercise 8: What do properties do?Exercise 9: Create and set properties Exercise 10: Read-only properties Exercise 11: Congratulations!

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