Simulate a mixture of two Gaussian distributions

Mixture models can be very difficult to understand, so let's start by simulating a simple mixture model, and then we will advance from there. In this exercise, you will create a Gaussian Mixture Model with two components.

This exercise is part of the course

Mixture Models in R

Exercise instructions

Simulate 500 samples from a binary variable using sample() with a probability of 0.8 for the value 1 and save the results into the object coin.
Then, create a vector mixture which samples from two different Gaussian distributions depending on the values of coin in the following way:
- When the values of coin are 1, sample from a normal distribution with a mean of 5 and sd of 2.
- Otherwise, sample from a standard normal distribution.

Hands-on interactive exercise

Have a go at this exercise by completing this sample code.

# Create coin object
coin <- ___(c(0,___), size = ___, 
               replace = TRUE, prob = c(0.2, ___))

# Sample from two different Gaussian distributions
___ <- ifelse(___ == 1, rnorm(n = ___, mean = ___, sd = ___), 
                  rnorm(n = ___))

# Check the first elements
head(mixture)

Edit and Run Code

This exercise is part of the course

Mixture Models in R

IntermediateSkill Level

4.5+

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In this chapter, you will be introduced to fundamental concepts in model-based clustering and how this approach differs from other clustering techniques. You will learn the generating process of Gaussian Mixture Models as well as how to visualize the clusters.

Exercise 1: Introduction to model-based clustering Exercise 2: Clustering approaches Exercise 3: Explore gender data Exercise 4: Gaussian distribution Exercise 5: Sampling a Gaussian distribution Exercise 6: (not so good) Estimations of the mean and sd Exercise 7: Gaussian mixture models (GMM)Exercise 8: Simulate a mixture of two Gaussian distributions

Current Exercise

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Exercise 1: Structure of mixture models Exercise 2: Which probability distribution?Exercise 3: Handwritten digits dataset Exercise 4: Parameters estimation Exercise 5: Estimation given the probabilities Exercise 6: Calculating the probabilities Exercise 7: EM algorithm Exercise 8: Expectation function Exercise 9: Maximization function Exercise 10: Apply the two steps Exercise 11: Plot the estimated clusters

This chapter shows how to fit Gaussian Mixture Models in 1 and 2 dimensions with `flexmix` package. The data used is formed by 10.000 observations of people with their weight, height, body mass index and informed gender.

Exercise 1: Univariate Gaussian Mixture Models Exercise 2: Number of clusters Exercise 3: Number of parameters Exercise 4: Univariate Gaussian Mixture Models with flexmix Exercise 5: Univariate case with flexmix Exercise 6: Extracting Parameters for Univariate Case Exercise 7: Visualizing Univariate Gaussian Mixture Model Exercise 8: Compare the results Exercise 9: Bivariate Gaussian Mixture Models Exercise 10: Cross-term from covariance matrix Exercise 11: Parameters in the bivariate case Exercise 12: Bivariate Gaussian Mixture Models with flexmix Exercise 13: Fit the model with cross-terms Exercise 14: Get the components Exercise 15: Create the ellipses Exercise 16: Visualize the clusters

In this module, you will learn how Mixture Models extends to consider probability distributions different from the Gaussian and how these models are fitted with `flexmix`. The datasets used are handwritten digits images and the number of crimes in Chicago city. For the first dataset you will find clusters that summarize the handwritten digits and for the second dataset, you will find clusters of communities where is more or less dangerous to live in.

Exercise 1: Bernoulli Mixture Models Exercise 2: Binary images Exercise 3: How many values?Exercise 4: Bernoulli Mixture Models with flexmix Exercise 5: Handwritten digits with `flexmix`Exercise 6: Poisson Mixture Models Exercise 7: Discover the lambda Exercise 8: Sample from Poisson distribution Exercise 9: Poisson Mixture Models with flexmix Exercise 10: Crimes data with `flexmix`