Calculate specificity

Using different measures for model performance allows you to more accurately assess it. There are several metrics for different use cases. Specificity measures the proportion of true negative outcomes correctly identified:

$$\text{specificity} = \frac{TN}{TN + FP}$$

This formula implies that with specificity approaching 100%, the number of false positives (FP) approaches 0.

In this exercise, you are going to investigate the out-of-sample specificity of your model with cross-validation.

Pre-loaded is the training data of the credit card customers dataset, customers_train, and a decision tree specification, tree_spec, which was generated using the following code:

tree_spec <- decision_tree() %>% 
                set_engine("rpart") %>%
                set_mode("classification")

This exercise is part of the course

Machine Learning with Tree-Based Models in R

Exercise instructions

Create three CV folds of customers_train and save them as folds.
Calculate cross-validated specificity using the fit_resamples() function that takes your specification tree_spec, a model formula, the CV folds, and an appropriate metric set. Use all predictors to predict still_customer, saving the results to specificities.
Aggregate the results using a single function.

Hands-on interactive exercise

Have a go at this exercise by completing this sample code.

# Create CV folds of the training data
folds <- ___(customers_train, v = ___)

# Calculate CV specificity
specificities <- ___(___, 
                     ___,
                     resamples = ___,
                     metrics = ___)

# Collect the metrics
___(specificities)

Edit and Run Code

This exercise is part of the course

Machine Learning with Tree-Based Models in R

IntermediateSkill Level

4.9+

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Ready to build a real machine learning pipeline? Complete step-by-step exercises to learn how to create decision trees, split your data, and predict which patients are most likely to suffer from diabetes. Last but not least, you’ll build performance measures to assess your models and judge your predictions.

Exercise 1: Welcome to the course!Exercise 2: Why tree-based methods?Exercise 3: Specify that tree Exercise 4: Train that model Exercise 5: How to grow your tree Exercise 6: Train/test split Exercise 7: Avoiding class imbalances Exercise 8: From zero to hero Exercise 9: Predict and evaluate Exercise 10: Make predictions Exercise 11: Crack the matrix Exercise 12: Are you predicting correctly?

Ready for some candy? Use a chocolate rating dataset to build regression trees and assess their performance using suitable error measures. You’ll overcome statistical insecurities of single train/test splits by applying sweet techniques like cross-validation and then dive even deeper by mastering the bias-variance tradeoff.

Exercise 1: Continuous outcomes Exercise 2: Train a regression tree Exercise 3: Predict new values Exercise 4: Inspect model output Exercise 5: Performance metrics for regression trees Exercise 6: In-sample performance Exercise 7: Out-of-sample performance Exercise 8: Bigger mistakes, bigger penalty Exercise 9: Cross-validation Exercise 10: Create the folds Exercise 11: Fit the folds Exercise 12: Evaluate the folds Exercise 13: Bias-variance tradeoff Exercise 14: Call things by their names Exercise 15: Adjust model complexity Exercise 16: In-sample and out-of-sample performance

Time to get serious with tuning your hyperparameters and interpreting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In this chapter, you’ll leverage the wisdom of the crowd with ensemble models like bagging or random forests and build ensembles that forecast which credit card customers are most likely to churn.

Exercise 1: Tuning hyperparameters Exercise 2: Generate a tuning grid Exercise 3: Tune along the grid Exercise 4: Pick the winner Exercise 5: More model measures Exercise 6: Calculate specificity

Current Exercise

Exercise 7: Draw the ROC curve Exercise 8: Area under the ROC curve Exercise 9: Bagged trees Exercise 10: Create bagged trees Exercise 11: In-sample ROC and AUC Exercise 12: Check for overfitting Exercise 13: Random forest Exercise 14: Bagged trees vs. random forest Exercise 15: Variable importance

Ready for the high society of tree-based models? Apply gradient boosting to create powerful ensembles that perform better than anything that you have seen or built. Learn about their fine-tuning and how to compare different models to pick a winner for production.

Exercise 1: Introduction to boosting Exercise 2: Bagging vs. boosting Exercise 3: Specify a boosted ensemble Exercise 4: Gradient boosting Exercise 5: Train a boosted ensemble Exercise 6: Evaluate the ensemble Exercise 7: Compare to a single classifier Exercise 8: Optimize the boosted ensemble Exercise 9: Tuning preparation Exercise 10: The actual tuning Exercise 11: Finalize the model Exercise 12: Model comparison Exercise 13: Compare AUC Exercise 14: Plot ROC curves Exercise 15: Wrap-up