Downside risk measures

The standard deviation gives equal weight to positive and negative returns in calculating the return variability. When the return distribution is asymmetric (skewed), investors use additional risk measures that focus on describing the potential losses. One such measure of downside risk is the Semi-Deviation. The Semi-Deviation is the calculation of the variability of returns below the mean return.

Another more popular measure is the so-called Value-at-Risk (or VaR). Loosely speaking, the VaR corresponds to the 5% quantile of the return distribution, meaning that a more negative return can only happen with a probability of 5%. For example you might ask: "what is the largest loss I could potentially take within the next quarter such that I only have 5% probability of observing an even larger loss?"

The expected shortfall is another measure of risk that focuses on the average loss below the 5% VaR quantile.

In this exercise, you will examine the potential risk of the monthly returns of the S&P 500. You will use the functions SemiDeviation(), VaR(), and ES(). These functions all require the argument R, which is an xts, vector, matrix, data.frame, timeSeries, or zoo object of asset returns. However the VaR(), and ES() require another argument p, or loss probability level, which is p = 0.05 in case of the 5% VaR and ES.